Browse DCT

Summary
SymbolDCT
Namedopachrome tautomerase
Aliases dopachrome delta-isomerase; TYRP2; tyrosine-related protein 2; TRP-2; L-dopachrome Delta-isomerase; dopachro ......
Chromosomal Location13q32
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Basic function annotation.
> Subcellular Location, Domain and Function
> Gene Ontology
> KEGG and Reactome Pathway
> Subcellular Location, Domain and Function
 
Subcellular Location Melanosome membrane Single-pass type I membrane protein Melanosome Note=Proper trafficking to melanosome is regulated by SGSM2, ANKRD27, RAB9A, RAB32 and RAB38.
Domain PF00264 Common central domain of tyrosinase
Function

Catalyzes the conversion of L-dopachrome into 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) (PubMed:8306979). Involved in regulating eumelanin and phaeomelanin levels.

> Gene Ontology
 
Biological Process GO:0002052 positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation
GO:0006570 tyrosine metabolic process
GO:0006582 melanin metabolic process
GO:0006583 melanin biosynthetic process from tyrosine
GO:0007405 neuroblast proliferation
GO:0008544 epidermis development
GO:0009072 aromatic amino acid family metabolic process
GO:0010720 positive regulation of cell development
GO:0017145 stem cell division
GO:0018958 phenol-containing compound metabolic process
GO:0019748 secondary metabolic process
GO:0021846 cell proliferation in forebrain
GO:0021847 ventricular zone neuroblast division
GO:0021869 forebrain ventricular zone progenitor cell division
GO:0021872 forebrain generation of neurons
GO:0021873 forebrain neuroblast division
GO:0030900 forebrain development
GO:0036445 neuronal stem cell division
GO:0042438 melanin biosynthetic process
GO:0042440 pigment metabolic process
GO:0043473 pigmentation
GO:0044550 secondary metabolite biosynthetic process
GO:0046148 pigment biosynthetic process
GO:0046189 phenol-containing compound biosynthetic process
GO:0048066 developmental pigmentation
GO:0048103 somatic stem cell division
GO:0050769 positive regulation of neurogenesis
GO:0051962 positive regulation of nervous system development
GO:0055057 neuroblast division
GO:0061351 neural precursor cell proliferation
GO:0072089 stem cell proliferation
GO:0072091 regulation of stem cell proliferation
GO:1901605 alpha-amino acid metabolic process
GO:1901615 organic hydroxy compound metabolic process
GO:1901617 organic hydroxy compound biosynthetic process
GO:1902692 regulation of neuroblast proliferation
GO:2000177 regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation
GO:2000179 positive regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation
GO:2000648 positive regulation of stem cell proliferation
Molecular Function GO:0004167 dopachrome isomerase activity
GO:0005507 copper ion binding
GO:0016853 isomerase activity
GO:0016860 intramolecular oxidoreductase activity
GO:0016863 intramolecular oxidoreductase activity, transposing C=C bonds
Cellular Component GO:0030659 cytoplasmic vesicle membrane
GO:0033162 melanosome membrane
GO:0042470 melanosome
GO:0045009 chitosome
GO:0048770 pigment granule
> KEGG and Reactome Pathway
 
KEGG hsa04916 Melanogenesis
hsa00350 Tyrosine metabolism
hsa01100 Metabolic pathways
Reactome R-HSA-5662702: Melanin biosynthesis
R-HSA-1430728: Metabolism
R-HSA-71291: Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives
Summary
SymbolDCT
Namedopachrome tautomerase
Aliases dopachrome delta-isomerase; TYRP2; tyrosine-related protein 2; TRP-2; L-dopachrome Delta-isomerase; dopachro ......
Chromosomal Location13q32
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Literatures that report relations between DCT and anti-tumor immunity. The specific mechanism were also collected if the literature reports that a gene specifically promotes or inhibits the infiltration or function of T/NK cells.
> Text Mining
 
  Literatures describing the relation between DCT and anti-tumor immunity in human cancer.
PMID Cancer type Relation to immunity Evidence sentences
10667570MelanomaPromote immunityTo further explore the linkage between immunotherapy and autoimmunity, we studied the response to vaccination with a related antigen, TRP-2. i.m. inoculation of plasmid DNA encoding murine trp-2 elicited antigen-specific CTLs that recognized the B16 mouse melanoma and protected the mice from challenge with tumor cells.
29249397MelanomaPromote immunity (T cell function); essential for immunotherapyLCP mRNA vaccine encoding TRP2 elicited a robust antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell response and a humoral immune response in a C57BL/6 mouse model of B16F10 melanoma.
23633494B16 Malignant MelanomaPromote immunitySimultaneous transfer of genetically engineered syngeneic T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor targeting the VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2; KDR) that is overexpressed on tumor vasculature and T-cells specific for the tumor antigens gp100 (PMEL), TRP-1 (TYRP1), or TRP-2 (DCT) synergistically eradicated established B16 melanoma tumors in mice and dramatically increased the tumor-free survival of mice compared with treatment with either cell type alone or T cells coexpressing these two targeting molecules. The synergistic antitumor response was accompanied by a significant increase in the infiltration and expansion and/or persistence of the adoptively transferred tumor antigen-specific T cells in the tumor microenvironment and thus enhanced their antitumor potency.
24004885MelanomaPromote immunity (T cell function)Multifunctional nanoparticles co-delivering Trp2 peptide and CpG adjuvant induce potent cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response against melanoma and its lung metastasis. Compared with free Trp2 peptide/CpG, vaccination with LCP encapsulating p-Trp2 and CpG resulted in superior inhibition of tumor growth in both B16F10 subcutaneous and lung metastasis models. An IFN-γ production assay and in vivo CTL response study revealed that the improved efficacy was a result of a Trp2-specific immune response.
16061687B16 Malignant MelanomaPromote immunityTo exploit these properties for immunization purposes, we conjugated the melanoma antigen tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-2 to alphaDEC-205 antibodies and immunized mice with these conjugates together with dendritic cell-activating oligonucleotides (CpG). Thus, these data show that targeting of dendritic cells in situ by the means of antibody-antigen conjugates may be a novel way to induce long-lasting antitumor immunity.
16112911MelanomaPromote immunityEnhancement of immunity by a DNA melanoma vaccine against TRP2 with CCL21 as an adjuvant. Induction of anti-TRP2 immunity depended mainly on cell-mediated immunity, which was regulated by timing and route of CCL21 administration with DNA vaccine.
Summary
SymbolDCT
Namedopachrome tautomerase
Aliases dopachrome delta-isomerase; TYRP2; tyrosine-related protein 2; TRP-2; L-dopachrome Delta-isomerase; dopachro ......
Chromosomal Location13q32
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content High-throughput screening data (e.g. CRISPR-Cas9, shRNA and RNAi) for T cell-mediated killing. Genetic screen techniques can identify mechanisms of tumor cell resistance (e.g., PTPN2) and sensitivity (e.g., APLNR) to killing by cytotoxic T cells, the central effectors of anti-tumor immunity. After comprehensively searching, eight groups of screening data sets were collected in the current database. In this tab, users can check whether their selected genes cause resistance or increase sensitivity to T cell-mediated killing in various data sets.
> High-throughput Screening
  Statistical results of DCT in screening data sets for detecting immune reponses.
PMID Screening System Cancer Type Cell Line Data Set Statistical Results Relation to immunity
29301958CRISPR-Cas9 melanomaB16F10Pmel-1 T cell NA/NSNA/NS
29301958CRISPR-Cas9 melanomaB16F10OT-1 T cell NA/NSNA/NS
28783722CRISPR-Cas9 melanomaMel6242CT-CRISPR NA/NSNA/NS
28723893CRISPR-Cas9 melanomaB16GVAX+Anti-PD1 NA/NSNA/NS
28723893CRISPR-Cas9 melanomaB16GVAX NA/NSNA/NS
25691366RNAiBreast cancerMCF7Luc-CTL assay NA/NSNA/NS
24476824shRNAmelanomaB16Primary screen NA/NSNA/NS
24476824shRNAmelanomaB16Secondary screen NA/NSNA/NS
Summary
SymbolDCT
Namedopachrome tautomerase
Aliases dopachrome delta-isomerase; TYRP2; tyrosine-related protein 2; TRP-2; L-dopachrome Delta-isomerase; dopachro ......
Chromosomal Location13q32
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Transcriptomic and genomic profiling of pre-treated tumor biopsies from responders and non-responders to immunotherapy. These data were used to identify signatures and mechanisms of response to checkpoint blockade (e.g., anti-PDL1 and anti-PD1). One example is that mutations in the gene PBRM1 benefit clinical survival of patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. After comprehensively searching, we collected 5 and 6 of transcriptomic and genomic data sets, respectively. In this tab, users can check whether their selected genes have significant difference of expression or mutation between responders and non-responders in various data sets.
> Expression difference between responders and non-responders
> Mutation difference between responders and non-responders
> Expression difference between responders and non-responders
 
Points in the above scatter plot represent the expression difference of DCT in various data sets.
No PMID Cancer type Group Drug # Res # NRes Log2 (Fold Change) P value Anno
126997480MelanomaallAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab and nivolumab)14120.590.674
226997480MelanomaMAPKiAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab and nivolumab)652.8260.321
326997480Melanomanon-MAPKiAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab and nivolumab)87-1.0620.671
428552987Urothelial cancerallAnti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab) 9160.2060.679
528552987Urothelial cancersmokingAnti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab) 59-0.4890.585
628552987Urothelial cancernon-smokingAnti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab) 471.0860.296
729033130MelanomaallAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 2623-0.2540.827
829033130MelanomaNIV3-PROGAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 1511-1.0560.659
929033130MelanomaNIV3-NAIVEAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 11120.650.802
1029301960Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)allAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 48-0.0220.957
1129301960Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)VEGFRiAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 2001
1229301960Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)non-VEGFRiAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 280.2420.699
1329443960Urothelial cancerallAnti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab) 682300.1550.547
> Mutation difference between responders and non-responders
 
Points in the above scatter plot represent the mutation difference of DCT in various data sets.
No PMID Cancer type Group Drug # Res # NRes % Mut/Res % Mut/NRes % Diff (R vs NR) Pval Anno
125765070Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)allAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab) 14170001
225765070Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)smokingAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab) 1030001
325765070Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)non-smokingAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab) 4140001
426359337MelanomaallAnti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) 27733.72.711
526359337MelanomaBRAFiAnti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) 0140001
626359337Melanomanon-BRAFiAnti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) 27593.73.40.31
726997480MelanomaallAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab and nivolumab)21174.804.81
826997480MelanomaMAPKiAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab and nivolumab)860001
926997480Melanomanon-MAPKiAnti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab and nivolumab)13117.707.71
1028552987Urothelial cancerallAnti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab) 91611.1011.10.36
1128552987Urothelial cancersmokingAnti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab) 59200200.357
1228552987Urothelial cancernon-smokingAnti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab) 470001
1329033130MelanomaallAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 382703.7-3.70.415
1429033130MelanomaNIV3-PROGAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 221307.7-7.70.371
1529033130MelanomaNIV3-NAIVEAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 16140001
1629301960Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)allAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 11130001
1729301960Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)VEGFRiAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 610001
1829301960Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)non-VEGFRiAnti-PD-1 (nivolumab) 5120001
Summary
SymbolDCT
Namedopachrome tautomerase
Aliases dopachrome delta-isomerase; TYRP2; tyrosine-related protein 2; TRP-2; L-dopachrome Delta-isomerase; dopachro ......
Chromosomal Location13q32
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Relations between abundance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and expression, copy number, methylation, or mutation of DCT. The immune-related signatures of 28 TIL types from Charoentong's study, which can be viewed in the download page. For each cancer type, the relative abundance of TILs were inferred by using gene set variation analysis (GSVA) based on gene expression profile. In this tab, users can examine which kinds of TILs might be regulated by the current gene.
> Lymphocyte
 
Summary
SymbolDCT
Namedopachrome tautomerase
Aliases dopachrome delta-isomerase; TYRP2; tyrosine-related protein 2; TRP-2; L-dopachrome Delta-isomerase; dopachro ......
Chromosomal Location13q32
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Relations between three kinds of immunomodulators and expression, copy number, methylation, or mutation of DCT. These immunomo-dulators were collected from Charoentong's study. In this tab, users can examine which immunomodulators might be regulated by DCT.
> Immunoinhibitor
> Immunostimulator
> MHC molecule
> Immunoinhibitor
 
> Immunostimulator
 
> MHC molecule
 
Summary
SymbolDCT
Namedopachrome tautomerase
Aliases dopachrome delta-isomerase; TYRP2; tyrosine-related protein 2; TRP-2; L-dopachrome Delta-isomerase; dopachro ......
Chromosomal Location13q32
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Relations between chemokines (or receptors) and expression, copy number, methylation, or mutation of DCT. In this tab, users can examine which chemokines (or receptors) might be regulated by the current gene.
> Chemokine
> Receptor
> Chemokine
 
> Receptor
 
Summary
SymbolDCT
Namedopachrome tautomerase
Aliases dopachrome delta-isomerase; TYRP2; tyrosine-related protein 2; TRP-2; L-dopachrome Delta-isomerase; dopachro ......
Chromosomal Location13q32
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Distribution of DCT expression across immune and molecular subtypes.
> Immune subtype
> Molecular subtype
> Immune subtype
 
> Molecular subtype
 
Summary
SymbolDCT
Namedopachrome tautomerase
Aliases dopachrome delta-isomerase; TYRP2; tyrosine-related protein 2; TRP-2; L-dopachrome Delta-isomerase; dopachro ......
Chromosomal Location13q32
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Associations between DCT and clinical features.
> Overall survival analysis
> Cancer stage
> Tumor grade
> Overall survival
 
> Stage
 
> Grade
 
Summary
SymbolDCT
Namedopachrome tautomerase
Aliases dopachrome delta-isomerase; TYRP2; tyrosine-related protein 2; TRP-2; L-dopachrome Delta-isomerase; dopachro ......
Chromosomal Location13q32
External Links HGNC, NCBI, Ensembl, Uniprot, GeneCards
Content Drugs targeting DCT collected from DrugBank database.
> Drugs from DrugBank database
 

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